/* comments */                    <---Program comments
//comment                           <---Single line comment
#include <stdio.h>               <-------------Including header file
#include "myheader.h"          <-------------Including user created header file (in src dir)
#define MONTHS 12           <-------------Constant
int num1 = 3;                        <-------------A global variable being declared
void test();                           <----letting the compiler know about the function 'test'       
int main()                             <--------------The function 'main' (each program must have this)
{                                          <--------Enclosing braces
int num2, num3;                    <---Local variables declared to the 'main' function only
test();                                    <----calling the function 'test'
}                                          <------------Enclosing braces
void test()                             <--the function 'test' which returns no values
{
}

files:
c_template.c - basic c program skeleton

Arithmetic Operators
+    addition
-     subtraction
*     multiplication
/      division
%    modulus
++   increment
--    decrement

++/-- may be postfix or prefix
prefix = action is applied before everything else in the line
postfix = action is applied after everything else in the line

Logical Operators
&&     and
||          or
!          not

Relational Operators
==   equal to
>     greater than
<     less than
!=    not equal to
>=   greater than or equal to
<=   less than or equal to

(true returns a 1, false returns a 0)

Compound Operators
*=  
/=
%=
+=
-=
example: myvariable += 2 is the same as myvariable = myvariable + 2

Conversion Characters
%d   integer
%c   character
%s    string
%f     float (%.2f will print only 2 digits behind the decimal point, %.0f prints 0 digits, etc)

Conditional/Ternary Operator
condition ? true code : false code;
sum > 20 ? myvariable = 1 : myvariable = 0;

Pointer Operators
&    address-of
*     dereferencing

Escape Sequences
\n   newline
\\    backslash
\"    double quote
\t    horizontal tab
\a   alarm

Typecasting
Temporarily convert the datatype of a variable to another (usually in an equation)
example: float(myvariable) or (float)(myvariable - 4)

If/Else
if (myvariable < 2)
{
code..
}
else
{
code..
}

more examples:
if ((myvariable1 > 2) && (myvariable1 < 50))
if (!(myvalue))

Switch
switch (selection)
{
case (1) : code .. ;
                break;
case (2) : code ..;
                break;
default : code ..;
               break;
}

Loops
while
i = 1;
while (i <= 3)
{
code...
i = i++;
}

do-while (executes at least once)
do
{
code...
}
while (i <= 3)

for
int i;
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
code..
}

loops can be stopped prematurely by a break;
to force a new loop cycle use continue;

Pointers
int * pMyint;
int myint = 99;
pMyint = &myint; < point to address of myint
*pMyint = 99; < also sets value of myint to 99

*myarray < points to the first value of array
*(myarray + 1) < points to second value of array

char * pName = "Eric Bouse"
to alter...
pName = "Another Name"

Functions
ceil() - rounds up a float to an integer
header: math.h

cos() - returns the cosine of the angle
header file: math.h

exit() - exits program
header: stdlib.h

examples:
exit(0);

exp()
header file: math.h

fabs() - returns float absolute value
header: math.h

floor() - rounds down a float to an integer
header: math.h

getch - get a single character from keyboard (unbuffered)
header: stdio.h

getchar() - gets single character from keyboard (buffered)
header: stdio.h

examples:
mystring[2] = getchar();
getchar(); can be used to clear the buffer

gets() - gets a stringle value from the keyboard. accepts spaces.
header: stdio.h

examples:
gets(myvariable);

isalpha() - returns true/false (1/0) for alphabetic character test (a-z, A-Z)
header file: ctype.h

examples:
isalpha(mychar);

isdigit() - returns true/false for numeric character test (0-9)
header file: ctype.h

islower() - returns true/false for lowercase character test (a-z)
header file: ctype.h

isupper() - returns true/false for uppercase character test (A-Z)
header file: ctype.h

log()
header file: math.h

log10()
header file: math.h

pow() - raises value to specified power
header file: math.h

examples:
pow(3, 4); < raises 3 to the 4th power

printf() - output to stdout (screen)
header file: stdio.h

examples:
printf("hi\n");
printf("display a string: %s", string_variable);
printf("some numbers: %d %d", 3, 7);

putch() - displays single character on the screen
header: stdio.h

putchar() - displays single character on the screen
header: stdio.h

examples:
putchar(mystring[3]);

puts() - displays a string value on the screen. automatically adds a newline
header: stdio.h

examples:
puts("hi");

rand() - generate a random number from 0-32767. will produce the same sets of random numbers. does not accept arguments
header file: stdlib.h

examples:
myvalue = (rand() % 99) +1; < random number from 1-100

scanf() - get input from stdin (keyboard)
header: stdio.h

examples:
scanf(" %d", &amount);
scanf(" %s", name);

sin() - returns the sine of the angle
header file: math.h

srand() - allows rand() to generate a better random number
header file: stdlib.h, time.h

examples:
time_t t;
srand(time(&t));
myvalue = (rand() % 20);

strcat() - merge two strings
header file: string.h

examples:
strcat(fname, lname); < combines fname + lname to fname

strcpy() - change contents of a character array (string). this is how you assign strings.
header file: string.h

examples:
strcpy(name, "Eric");

strlen()
header file: string.h

sizeof() - determines amount of bytes required to store specified data type

examples:
sizeof(int);

sqrt() - returns square root of value
header file: math.h

tan() - returns the tangent of the angle
header file: math.h

tolower() - converts character to lowercase
header file: ctype.h

toupper() - converts character to uppercase
header file: ctype.h